The main deposit of mineral sands in Brasil occur from the Rio Grande do Norte State to Rio de Janeiro State. The main commercial deposit is located in Buena, a village at São Francisco de Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro State. In buena there is a plant that process minerals sands to obtain ilmenite, zirconite, rutile and monazite concentrates. This plant belongs to the Industrias Nucleares Brasileiras (INB). Close to this plant there is a small village. Aerosols samples were collected using cascade impactors and cyclones in order to characterize human exposure to airborne particles in the respirable fraction. Lichens samples were also collected. The samples were analyzed by PIXE (Particle Induced X ray Emission) for determination of elemental mass concentration and MMAD (Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter). PDMS (Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry) allows the identification of the chemicals compounds present in the samples. The concentrations of radionuclides from the thorium and uranium natural series were also determined. The results show that the inhabitants were espoused to airborne particles in the respirable fraction of aerosols from natural and anthropogenic sources. The lichens samples indicate that the inhabitants have been exposed to radionuclides from the thorium and uranium natural series since last 15 years.